Social-Ecological Systems Study of Biodiversity Threats and Mangrove Ecosystem Degradation in Yotefa Bay, Jayapura City, Indonesia

Papua is known as a megabiodiversity area, mangroves in Yotefa Bay. However, Yotefa Bay is currently facing significant degradation, threatening both its biodiversity and the livelihoods of the local community. This study aimed to assess SES conditions related to mangrove ecosystem management in Yotefa Bay. Data were collected through literature reviews, structured in-depth interviews, and focus group discussion. The analysis was conducted using the DPSIR framework, a systems thinking approach that explores the causal relationships between social-economic, and environmental components. The study's findings indicate that the mangrove area in Yotefa Bay is shrinking by 37.98 hectares over the past 10 years, namely from 2014 to 2024, driven by population growth, undervaluation of the mangrove ecosystem's economic significance, limited livelihood opportunities for the community, low incomes, and limited knowledge of mangrove management. As a result, water quality is declining, mangrove areas are diminishing, ecosystem biodiversity is decreasing, conflicts over land use are escalating, and decreased carrying capacity. We recommend the following actions: 1) Reducing the rate of pollution by increasing environmental education for communities in pollution source areas; 2) Rehabilitatig and restoring damaged or lost mangrove areas; 3) Educating the community on the benefits and importance of mangrove ecosystems and sustainable management practices by environmental education; 4) Developing a collaborative management model for better resource governance; 5) Promoting and developing ecotourism as a means to enhance economic benefits while supporting conservation efforts; 6) Ensuring consistent implementation of the applicable rules and regulations; and 7)  Construction of a wave damper in front of Cibery Beach.