The Contribution of Algal Extracts as Antibacterial Agents Used to Reduce Bacterial Contamination

The relevance of looking for novel natural sources of antimicrobial chemicals is highlighted by the ongoing appearance of new harmful strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Natural algae extracts are seen as a hopeful antibacterial option that could potentially replace strong chemical antiseptics and modern antibiotics since they are natural and almost non-toxic. This study examined the antibacterial properties of algal extracts that were isolated from Iraq's aquatic environment, including Coelastrella sp., Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Spirogyra fluviatilis. Ethanol was used to extract active compounds at varying concentrations; compared to water or Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), this organic solvent was more successful in extracting antibacterial substances. According to the results of bacterial susceptibility testing, the extracts of Coelastrella sp. and Chlorella pyrenoidosa had the strongest inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. These algae species have different amounts of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids, which are chemicals that contribute to their antibacterial activity, according to the chemical examinations of some extracts. The effectiveness of these substances was also discovered to be affected by growing conditions, including temperature, pH, light intensity, and culture medium type. According to the findings, algae, especially Chlorella pyrenoidosa, may offer a viable substitute source for the synthesis of organic antibacterial, where these compounds provide a good alternative to conventional antibiotics, particularly in view of the growing problems brought on by drug resistance. Therefore, more research is advised to accurately identify the active ingredients, assess their modes of action, and consider their possible uses in industrial and medical domains such as food preservation, water purification, and improving the health of humans and animals.