Market-Specific Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in Smoked African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Calabar, Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are harmful compounds that can accumulate in smoked fish and pose health risks, especially in developing countries where smoked fish is a common part of the diet. This study measured PAH levels in smoked African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from two markets in Calabar, Nigeria: Marian Market and Watt Market. The aim was to assess the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to identify and quantify PAHs. Results showed that total PAH concentrations were significantly higher in Marian Market samples (24.98 ± 1.57 µg/kg) compared to Watt Market samples (8.99 ± 0.35 µg/kg). Marian Market samples also had higher levels of acenaphthene (0.63 ± 0.03 µg/kg) and fluorene (2.87 ± 0.91 µg/kg), while Watt Market samples contained more anthracene (3.47 ± 0.33 µg/kg). Although total PAH concentrations in both markets were below the European Union maximum limit of 30 µg/kg, the level of pyrene in Marian Market samples (15.02 ± 0.48 µg/kg) exceeded the permissible limit of 5 µg/kg. These differences may be due to variations in fish smoking techniques, types of fuel used, and environmental factors such as exposure to vehicle emissions. The study recommends the use of improved smoking methods, regular monitoring of smoked fish in markets, and increased public education to help reduce PAH exposure and protect consumer health.