A Review on Eutrophication as an Environmental Challenge in Aquaculture: Mechanisms, Ecological Impacts, and Sustainable Management Strategies

This article reviewed mitigation strategies for eutrophication in aquaculture, aiming to provide an integrated understanding of its causes, impacts, and management approaches. The global expansion of aquaculture, driven by increasing demand for animal protein and its contribution to local economies, has also generated significant environmental challenges, particularly eutrophication. This condition, caused by excessive nutrient loading—primarily nitrogen and phosphorus—from uneaten feed, feces, and organic waste, leads to uncontrolled algal growth, harmful algal blooms (HABs), reduced water quality, and adverse effects on cultured species. Using a narrative literature review approach, publications from major databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and ResearchGate) were synthesized to identify research gaps and potential strategies. Effective mitigation measures include improving feed efficiency, implementing Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems, applying biofloc technology to recycle waste into nutrients, and developing wastewater treatment systems with sedimentation, aeration, and equalization stages. Beyond technical solutions, education of aquaculture practitioners and enforcement of environmental regulations are also essential. A synergistic application of these strategies is recommended to support sustainable aquaculture development while preserving aquatic ecosystems.