Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Different Sizes of the Green Mussel (Perna viridis) from Ujungpangkah Waters, Gresik, Indonesia

Green mussels (Perna viridis) are non-selective filter feeders that can be used as aquatic bioindicators. The development of green mussel (P.  viridis) cultivation is due to the ease of cultivation techniques, including the bamboo pole method, pole raft, floating raft, and long line. One of the potential areas for clam production is the Ujungpangkah waters located in Gresik Regency. However, in addition to potential coastal areas, countless industrial areas may impact surrounding aquaculture activities. This study aimed to determine the concentration of heavy metals in green mussels (P. viridis), water, and sediment. This study aimed to assess the differences in heavy metal accumulation levels in green mussels (Perna viridis) of varying sizes and to evaluate water quality conditions in the Ujungpangkah coastal waters, Gresik. Ex-situ testing of seawater, sediment, and green mussel samples was conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). The results showed significant variation in the levels of these heavy metals. Among them, arsenic (As) exhibited the highest average concentration (1.22 mg/kg), while mercury (Hg) was not detected in any of the samples. Based on the calculated water quality index, the Ujungpangkah coastal area is classified as having low pollution. Furthermore, evaluation of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI) values indicated that green mussels across all three size categories remain safe for human consumption and do not pose health risks.