Potential of Penaeus monodon and Avicennia marina as Biomonitoring Tools for Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Swamp of Kuala Tambangan, Indonesia

Heavy metal contamination in coastal swamp ecosystems poses a significant threat to environmental and human health. This research aimed to investigate bioaccumulation and translocation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp) and Avicennia marina (mangrove) at coastal swamp stations in Kuala Tambangan, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The use of P. monodon and A. marina as bioindicators assessed the potential of monitoring heavy metal pollution. Samples of P. monodon (hepatopancreas and muscle) and A. marina (roots, stems, leaves) were also collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Bioaccumulation (BCF) was calculated from the ratio of metal concentration in organism tissue to metal concentration in water or sediment. The translocation factor (TF) was determined from the ratio of metal concentration in stems and leaves to metal concentration in roots to analyze metal uptake and transfer in the organism. The findings indicated that there were higher Pb and Cd concentrations in the root tissues of A. marina, acting as a phytoextractor. P. monodon possessed significant bioaccumulation in muscle tissue and BCF values confirmed the efficiency as bioindicators. Additionally, TF values suggested effective metal translocation in A. marina, particularly from root to leaf and stem tissues, and moderate translocation in P. monodon from hepatopancreas to muscle.  The study results showed that P. monodon and A. marina can be used for biomonitoring, while A. marina also functions as a phytoextractor in the phytoremediation process to reduce pollution. Future research could focus on long-term monitoring and the development of phytoremediation strategies to manage heavy metal pollution in coastal ecosystems.