Mitigation of Sources of Threat to the Freshwater Amphidromous Goby Fish Population (Pisces: Gobiidae) in the Cimaja River-Estuary, Sukabumi, Indonesia: The Eco-Biological Concept

Amphidromous is a term used for a group of fish that migrate between freshwater and sea waters without the purpose of spawning. Most of this group of fish come from the Gobiidae family. As a migratory fish, sources of threat to the amphidromous goby fish are spread along their migration route. A study was conducted to map the threats to the existence of the amphidromous goby fish population along the Cimaja estuary, Sukabumi, West Java. A one-year comprehensive study was carried out from December 2020 to December 2021. The findings identified two primary sources of threat to the existence of the amphidromous goby fish population. These threats consist of natural sources related to the fish''s life cycle and external threats. Several sub-issues of external threats include the tradition of catching fish larvae and juveniles in the estuary area (nyalawean) and adult fish along the river, stone and sand mining activities in the river body, aquatic pollution, and changes in land use around the Cimaja River Basin. Each threat source is associated with the fish''s eco-biology aspect. The mitigation results led to the formulation of an integrated river management plan as a management recommendation that can be implemented. This management scheme aims to reduce existing threats and achieve sustainability of amphidromous goby fishery resources in the Cimaja river-estuary waters, Sukabumi, Indonesia.