Impact of some trace elements on the quality of edible fish species and its human health risks from Timsah Lake, Egypt

Timsah Lake is a vital water body in Egypt, located in the Nile Delta region. It serves as a source of livelihood for local communities and provides edible fish species. Fish are often at the top of the aquatic food chain and live in marine environments, which can quickly accumulate elements in their bodies, then be transferred to consumers and put at risk. This study aimed to analyze with follow-up the quality of water and fish species to ensure that this lake, like other Egyptian lakes, is a decay in the quality of fish products. Additionally, this study aimed to estimate the human health risks in normal and high consumption. Approximately 30 fresh fish samples (Chelon ramada, Sparus aurata Planiliza carinata, Alepes djedaba, Oreochromis niloticus) belonging to 5 species were caught during the summer of 2019. The accumulation level of essential micronutrient (Cu, Zn) content was higher than the nonessential and toxic element (Cd). Muscles < liver in all elements in order (Zn > Cu > Cd). Target hazard quotient (THQ)  and Hazard index (HI) values were < 1 in adults with normal consumption, indicating no adverse impact on human health. Target hazard quotient and hazard index (THQ and HI) for children with normal and high consumption > 1 represent possible health risks. The liver had a higher biochemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids, and glycogen) than muscle. The results suggested that consumers in the Ismailia governorate may be exposed to health hazards, and further investigation is necessary, as well as making recommendations for policymakers to establish and enforce regulations that can help protect public health and the environment from trace element pollution in Timsah Lake.